@article {7131,
	title = {U{\'s}miech s{\k e}dziowski {\textendash} pomocne i niebezpieczne narz{\k e}dzie},
	journal = {Krytyka Prawa. Niezale{\.z}ne Studia nad Prawem},
	volume = {14},
	year = {2022},
	pages = {135-150},
	abstract = {Article aims to invigorate the study of judicial smiles in Polish legal science. Judicial smiles are treated as an element of psycho-social processes in the courtroom, in particular the judge{\textquoteright}s non-verbal communication. Such an opening will be made by identifying and discussing a few real cases of judges{\textquoteright} smiles in Poland, and more precisely in the courtrooms of Krakow{\textquoteright}s lower courts (civil and criminal divisions). The empirical material was obtained through passive observation of the hearings, supported by a standardized observational questionnaire. According to the results, (i) there are more smiles of judges in courtrooms than one might think, (ii) a judge{\textquoteright}s smiles during questioning the witnesses (as a rule) is generally less controversial than that smiles expressed in relation to parties or participants, (iii) five types of judicial smiles were distinguished, (iv) two of them seem to violate important procedural rules, while the role of others is positive, (v) it is possible to reflect on the development of the judges{\textquoteright} ability to use a smile in a situational manner, of course in a narrow scope and under many conditions.},
	issn = {2080-1084},
	doi = {10.7206/kp.2080-1084.561}
}
